DNA flow chart by Rachel Chludzinski on Prezi

Analyses by the biochemist Erwin Chargaff had shown that DNA, irrespective of what bacteria, insect or animal it comes from, always contains the same amount of A and T and the same amount of C and G.

Watson and Crick, however, had been working with the wrong chemical formulae of the nucleotides.

Instead of thymine, however, which exists in DNA, the RNA contains uracil (U).

At the beginning of the 1950s, scientists realized that most of the RNA is found in small particles in the cytoplasm (figure 2).

Furthermore, they discovered that this is also the location where proteins are produced. In 1958 they named the protein-producing particle ribosome.

Chemical DNA Synthesis Cycle Chart - Stanford Medicine

They changed from being non-virulent to being virulent (triggers of disease).

While the experiment itself was criticized, DNA became a new focus of attention for the scientific community.

Therefore it was believed that DNA mainly functioned as a skeleton for the chromosome’s proteins.

The year of 1944, however, saw the return of the DNA molecule.

protein synthesis protein synthesis flow chart HW due Monday 2/10

Still others corrupt the translation from DNA/RNA-language into protein language.

Several companies now use the structures of the ribosome in order to develop new antibiotics (figure 5).

Thus it was possible to map ribosome functionality at the most basic, atomic level.

The small subunit’s “double checking”
A property of the ribosome, that has fascinated scientists for a long time, is that it seldom makes any errors when it translates DNA/RNA-language into protein language.

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The ribosome translates the passive DNA information into form and function.
he general theory of evolution, which was published by Charles Darwin in 1859, is based on the assumption that an organism’s properties are hereditary and that, every now and then, random changes occur.

BIOL2060: Gene Expression: Transcription

This is the process of Transcription.
MRNA
Messenger RNA is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
Translation
It is essentially a translation from one code (nucleotide sequence) to another (amino acid sequence).

Protein Synthesis - Notes - Biology | Mrs. McComas

It is during this translation process, when DNA/RNA language becomes protein language, that life reaches its full complexity.

The body contains tens of thousands of different proteins that control what happens in the body with an astounding precision.

RNA are the “workers” for protein synthesis

This model incorporates DNA, RNA, and proteins.

DNA may replicate itself
DNA may be transcribed to RNA
RNA may be translated into proteins
RNA and DNA are NOT made from protein
DNA is NOT made from RNA

Called the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology – DNA to RNA to protein

Protein Synthesis Simulation | Maryland Sea Grant

At the other end, there is the specific amino acid which matches the codon.

Thus emerged an image of the most fundamental process of life: the manner in which information flows from DNA to RNA and become enzymes and other proteins.

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cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle, Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids; Purine biosynthesis: Purine nucleotide inter-conversions; Pyrimidine biosynthesis: and formation of deoxyribounucleotides; Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Brief introduction of genetic organization of the mammalian genome, alteration and rearrangements of genetic material, Biosynthesis of DNA and its replications; Mutation: Physical & chemical mutagenesis/carcinogenesis, DNA repair mechanism.